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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Before a designer can relate his requirements clearly in construction industry, a drawing is to be prepared, this is because the drawing serve as a general means of communication. Therefore the drawing is adopted mostly, than other means of communication in the Engineering Sectors. A structural Engineer mostly engages himself in designs on construction of structure, like roads, bridges, railway, dams, building, runway and other public works.

The structural engineer makes initial design, which are usually free – hand sketches of the work. These sketches are used to make clear and neat working drawing, which will be used by the builder of contractor after approval for construction by the authorities involved.

The contributions of a detailer in highly significant to the construction process, for a well detailed drawing is a good medium of reducing the risks of building collapses and to avoid delays arising from doubts and too frequent classifications.

PLANS

Plans shall be drawn as transverse section through all structural members immediately above portion of structure under consideration.

ELEVATIONS

Elevations shall be drawn as a vertical section immediately adjacent to the element under consideration. Structural members cut by the section shall be shown in full lines and member behind the section in broken lines.

SECTIONS

Sections shall show only material out by the section plan. The dimension of sections shall be of the left for beams and downward for column. The section shall be drawn as close as possible to the plan or elevation to which it refers and should be described by letters, readable from bottom of the drawing. Section through concrete on drawings may be show as highly shade areas.

GRID LINES

Grid lines provide a reference system for beams and column. It is convenient from top to left corner of the drawing using letters for one direction and numbers for the other. Gridlines do not necessarily have to be straight or at right angles to each other or actually pass through beams or columns but should be sufficiently class for the reference to be obvious.

Equipment

Pencils and drawing pans

Drawing boards and tee square

Drawing sheet / paper

Set square

Tracing sheet

Lettering grid

Templates

Protractor

Drafting table