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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

When asked to define "design error," not all disciplines in the construction process agree on a common definition. Depending on which discipline you address, the owner, the designer or the contractor, there will be a common understanding surrounded by varied conclusions, "a mistake." From the basic definitions of "design" and "error" we conclude that a design error is a deviation from a drawing or specification, also including omissions and ambiguities. It is the seriousness of this error that must be considered to determine its consequences on the overall outcome of the project. One of the most important challenges facing management today is controlling the ball too frequent initial cost and schedule overruns that effect the construction industry (Diekmann and Thrush, 1986). One of the major issues to control growth in project initial costs and time is the reduction of design errors. The owner, designer and contractor all have different interests in, or uses for the design of a facility. But what they do share is the commitment to complete the project safely and within a given budget and completion time. There are many initiatives being conducted to control the growth of initial cost and schedule within the construction industry.

The major issue is "accuracy of the drawings," or the number of design errors, omissions and ambiguities within the plans and specifications that affect the quality of the facility. Inadequacies in the plans and specifications are the major causes of changes to the contract So much emphasis is placed on the issue of time and initial cost that quality takes a back seat .The quality of the project depends on the conformance of the objectives and requirements from the owner. An informative quality management technique will provide an agreement to procedures and definitions among the principle parties for the project. Since design errors have an impact on the outcome of the effectiveness of the contractor's effort on the project it is essential that all parties determine what the definition of a design error should be.  

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Design errors indicate the total design in-effectiveness of a project. Major design quality problems occur during construction when errors, omissions and ambiguities in plans and specifications become evident (Davis and Ledbetter, 1987). This statement directs that the inadequacies in the plans and specifications are the major causes of changes to the contract. There have been extreme examples of design errors such as numerous building collapses in Nigeria - projects that have wrought disaster after the construction are completed. These are examples of design errors that escaped the close scrutiny of all parties. One or two major errors that can be corrected with only initial cost considerations and little effect on the schedule can impact projects. The projects that really suffer are those with many small errors (design, rework or change of scope) which when initially added up causes major impacts on the initial cost and schedule growth. Through Davis and Ledbetters research it was determined that "accuracy of the design documents" was the most critical of the criteria used in the initial evaluation of design effectiveness. This accuracy was further described as the concern for the frequency and impact of errors in the specifications and drawings. This is due to the fact that the drawings and specifications are the most "readily identifiable outputs of the design process." It is even more important that the quality control of designs be addressed during the planning phase and closely monitored during the construction phase. Design errors of a project have been an issue that has been misconstrued. The attitude towards design errors in the country can now be best described as tardy and unsatisfactory.  

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 AIM

The main aim of the study is to investigate how design errors can affect the initial cost of a project.  

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives are:

1. To determine what constitutes a design error.

2. To examine the contributing factors to design errors in Nigeria.

3. To examine how these factors can affect initial cost of a project.

4. To proffer solutions on how to minimise cost of construction projects in Nigeria.  

1.4  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are design errors in construction projects?

2. What makes or contributes to a design error?

3. What are the factors that lead to design errors?

4. What effect can design errors have on initial cost and growth of a project?

5. Who is responsible for design error?  

1.5  HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION

Hypothesis 1

H0: Design error affect initial cost of a building construction project.

H1: Design error does not affect initial cost of a building construction project.

Hypothesis 2

H0: Design errors causes cost overrun in a building construction project.

H1: Design errors does not cause cost overrun in a building construction project.

Hypothesis 3

H0: Additional work causes additional cost in a building construction project due to design errors.

H1: Additional work does not cause additional cost in a building construction project due to design errors.  

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study gives a clear insight into the various ways in which contractors in the construction companies in Nigeria can maximise profits and reduce initial cost through effective and efficient contract planning and management. The study also gives a clear insight into the various effects of design errors on the initial cost of a project. The findings and recommendations of the researcher will help in building a strong and better project management guideline for contractors in Nigeria. Also, the study of the investigation of the effect of design errors on the initial cost of a project will provide results that will offer the following benefits:

1. Establish the scope and methodology of design functions performed by Architectural firms for the benefit of the entire construction industry including prospective building clients.

2. Assist designers in understanding the cost implication of design errors, so that they can make objective design decisions during the early phase of a project.
3. Avail the designer with a tool for eradicating errors that are directly related to the designer that delay and or add cost to the project.  

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study is on the investigation of the effect of design errors on the initial cost of a project. It is narrowed down to building construction projects in Imo state of Nigeria.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this study was the delay in getting data from the various respondents. Most respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due to their busy schedules and nature of their work. The researcher found it difficult to collect responses from the various respondents, and this almost hampered the success of this study.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS ·       

Design: The basic definition of design, according to Webster, is "the making of drawings or plans to plan and fashion the form and structure of an object to have intentions or purposes." The quality of planning and design is one of the primary factors of success in any project endeavour (Chalabi, Beaudin and Salazar, 1987). The design includes every aspect of the facility construction including operation and maintenance. The design incorporates a set of specifications to guide the contractor in developing his means and methods of construction.

Error: An error is defined, according to Webster, as "a deviation from accuracy or correctness; a mistake, as in action or procedure; an inaccuracy, as in speaking or writing." There are basically three types of errors: imperfections, non-conformance and omissions. Imperfections are deviations in details that have no affect on the assembly or facility (Davis and Ledbetter, 1987). ·       

Design Error: From the evaluation above a simple definition of design error is "a deviation from the plans and specifications." It is not the intention of this definition to include any initial cost or schedule growth or insinuate its root causes or legal responsibility. It is the responsibility of the owner, designer and contractor to establish the criteria in order to make a reasonable determination for responsibility. The survey shows a common theme, that of a mistake or error in the design. The survey also indicates several reasons why design errors exist and who cause them. This provides evidence that there is not a concise definition within the construction industry. ·       

Contract:  Erikson (2002) defined Contract as an agreement that creates an obligation binding upon the parties thereto. The essentials of a contract are as follows: (1) mutual assent; (2) a legal consideration, which in most instances need not be pecuniary; (3) parties who have legal capacity to make a contract; (4) absence of fraud or duress; and (5) a subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy. ·       
Contract Planning: According to Simmons (2007),Contract planning is the process of systematically and efficiently managing contract creation, execution and analysis for maximising operational and financial performance and minimising risk. ·       

Contractor: General contractor, organization or individual that contracts with another organization or individual (the owner) for the construction of a building, road or other facility.

Profit:  Tucy (2008) defined profit as the difference between the purchase price and the initial costs of bringing to market.

Initial Cost: initial cost are not fixed, expenses incurred on the purchase of land, buildings, construction, and equipment used in the production of goods or in the rendering of services. Put simply, it is the total initial cost used to bring a project to a commercially operable status.