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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The Darfur conflict, which erupted in 2003, has led to one of the most severe humanitarian crises in recent history. The conflict involves the Sudanese government and various rebel groups, resulting in widespread violence, displacement, and human rights violations. As a result, millions of Darfuris have been forced to flee their homes, seeking refuge in neighboring countries and within Sudan itself. The African Union (AU), as a continental organization, has played a significant role in addressing the crisis through diplomatic efforts, peacekeeping missions, and humanitarian assistance. This study examines the refugee crisis in Darfur and the role of the African Union from 2003 to 2006, a period marked by intense conflict and substantial international attention.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Darfur crisis has led to a massive displacement of people, creating a complex refugee situation that poses significant challenges for the international community. Despite the efforts of the African Union and other international bodies, the crisis persists, and the plight of the refugees continues to be dire. This study seeks to understand the effectiveness of the African Union's interventions and the impact of these efforts on the refugee crisis in Darfur during the specified period.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of the African Union's interventions on the refugee crisis in Darfur from 2003 to 2006. Specific objectives include:

i. To evaluate the impact of the African Union's peacekeeping missions on the safety and security of refugees in Darfur.

ii. To determine the effectiveness of the African Union's diplomatic efforts in resolving the conflict and its influence on refugee flows.

iii. To find out the role of the African Union in providing humanitarian assistance to refugees and improving their living conditions.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the specific objectives, the following research questions are formulated:

i. What is the impact of the African Union's peacekeeping missions on the safety and security of refugees in Darfur?

ii. What is the effectiveness of the African Union's diplomatic efforts in resolving the conflict and its influence on refugee flows?

iii. How does the African Union contribute to providing humanitarian assistance to refugees and improving their living conditions?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant as it provides a comprehensive analysis of the African Union's role in addressing the refugee crisis in Darfur, offering insights into the successes and shortcomings of its interventions. The findings can inform policymakers, humanitarian organizations, and scholars about the effectiveness of regional bodies in managing refugee crises. Additionally, the study contributes to the broader understanding of conflict resolution and humanitarian assistance in the context of African conflicts.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on the period from 2003 to 2006, covering the initial and most intense phase of the Darfur conflict. It examines the interventions of the African Union during this period, including peacekeeping missions, diplomatic efforts, and humanitarian assistance. The geographical scope includes Darfur and surrounding regions affected by the refugee crisis.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The study may face limitations such as the availability and reliability of data, given the chaotic nature of conflict zones. Additionally, access to firsthand accounts from refugees and AU officials might be restricted due to security concerns. The study also focuses on a specific timeframe, which may not capture the long-term impacts of the African Union's interventions.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Refugee Crisis: A situation where a large number of people are forced to flee their country due to conflict, persecution, or disaster, resulting in significant humanitarian needs.

African Union (AU): A continental union consisting of 55 member states in Africa, established to promote unity, peace, and development across the continent.

Peacekeeping Missions: Operations carried out by international organizations like the AU to maintain peace and security in conflict zones through the deployment of military and civilian personnel.

Diplomatic Efforts: Actions taken by organizations or states to resolve conflicts through negotiation, dialogue, and other non-violent means.

Humanitarian Assistance: Aid and actions designed to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity during and after emergencies.

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