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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Accountability as seen by Iwumenne (1982: 56) is the sole of any business continuity. A mismanaged economy cannot sustain her subjects. In the micro sense, a mismanaged firm is for failure. The main aim of business is profit maximization. This cannot be achieved if the financial mismanagement is endowed in any form. In any business setting, the priority of management is to enable the firm to continue to finance its undertakings. This cannot be achieved without due regard to the prudent financial administration. According to Muoha Otanka (1975:4)2. The spirit of continuity of a business is the careful administration that well administers the financial undertakings. Really, the issue of financial importriety has made many a business, collapse. There are many ways to check the menace in both public and private life. Any method used in subsumed in eective control system which primarily cue’s from internal control. According to Jonah Jenny (1982.12)3, internal control can be perceived in the following ways.
- Good record keeping of all transactions in the factory.
- Good stock control system.
- Well co-ordinate channel of raw material procurement.
- Efficient redundantly control.
- Good personal administration
- Avoidance of waste.
- Control of acquisitions - Effective trade union administration. There, he said are not exhaustive, it is whom management recognizes the necessity of effective internal control system, management of materials and resources is very much possible. Akinloye Oyibanji (1999 : 86)4 observed that many factors contributed to the reason why banks failed. The banks collapsed due to lack of financial prudence which is a clear out example of management incapacitation. To have effective control of materials, men, and machine, management needs grassroots control affected through monitoring of any financial disbursement. The issue at stake is that good internal control is a necessary condition for efficiency of any organization. To state it differently, any organization that opts for a continued business entity must be prepared to timely check the personal, procure the right type of personnel, train them on the technical aspect of the work and teach equity and justice in financial appropriation. The financial manager must be a model of sound background of prudent handling of money. The subject of financial accountability has been a controversial issue even among the early philosophers. Plato condemned using, (i.e. the use of money in trade) according to him, for the attendant “social ills” and “unethical” reasons. In addition to the above, the peculiar nature of the Nigeria economy has made any topic in accountability, financial or otherwise, worth discussing. Nigeria has had her fair share of financial impropriety both in the public and private sector, not quite unconnected with her political set ups, the history of the evolution of her financial institutions and level of the country’s development. The research has therefore been reduced to the firm (micro) level and Nigeria breweries Plc, Enugu has been carefully selected to be used in drawing a line of parallel between the level of accountability in the public and private sectors. Control is an adjunct of accountability. The extent of financial accountability therefore should be reflected to the extent of the working control mechanisms within the particular organization. The fact that both public and private sectors need and make use of control measures is undisputable. The extent to which they employ this and how it has improved their finances is called to question. The effective means, by which they employ internal control to safeguard assets, collect debts or pay creditor, etc is the issue at stake. In the words of a management experts, “internal control comprises the plan of organization to co-ordinate method and measures adopted within a business to safeguard its assets, check accuracy and reliability of its accounting data, promote operational efficiency and encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies. Apparently, the general conception of internal control here is that it should be effective enough to cause probity in all the organizations activities with a resultant disciplined financial atmosphere in the organization.
1.2   STATEMENT OF  THE PROBLEM
Every policy formulated in boardrooms would have been a success, if they were being carried out there too. Unfortunately, adherence to planned policies by employees is the problem of many management of some companies. Peter F. Drucker, noted that management is the act of getting thing done through others. The owner of every business expects a reasonable return on their investment of who executes the policies. The problem of policy execution is further compounded by the evolution of large organization. Personal supervision of the employees by individual seems an attempt at impossibility with large spoons of control. There are therefore the needs for an internal control system. Internal control is such an indispensable tool in the hand of management if it wish to obtain adequate and useful information, protect company assets, but despite the established necessity for installing an internal control system, many managers do not have it, and they of course wallow in the flimsy excuse of its expensive nature. This is the first problem. The other thing to think about is the eectiveness of control procedures of the internal control is at all established. The eectiveness of control procedures is a function of the fact that segregate duties are not being circumvented by the collusion of the employees, negligence and even personal factors. These factors are problem to the firm and eventually would undermine the eectiveness and eiciency of the internal control system, if not taken care of. The afore – mentioned problem give rise to the following basic questions: a. How adequately are employees adhering to internal control measures? b. What standard should management adopt as test to observe control measures? c. Should internal auditing be an adequate means of checking internal control? d. Should the eectiveness of control be relied on for adequate financial accountability?
1.3  PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to have a close look at the sort of internal control existing in breweries plc. If there is any, then to know how efficient this has assisted in attaining financial accountability. Specifically, the purpose of the study include:
i. To ascertain if there is segregation of duties at various levels of management.
ii. To know if there have been irregularities that have passed unnoticed in the establishment.
iii. To find out what step have been taken to rectify inefficiency when detected.
iv. To determine whether adequate punishment is meted out to those found to over – step control measures to prevent further occurrence of such defects in the future.
v. To know action that can be taken to forestall the situation and see that probity is maintained.
vi. To undertake a critical appraisal of the system generally, and to suggest solutions where the system is seen effective, and
vii. Finally, to build an analytical model to explain the network of an internal control, system.
1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The rational for the research in this paper is
i. An attempt to investigate the general belief of a more financial management and more effective control in the private sector of the economy.
ii. The dis-satisfaction (apparent or perceived) with the level of financial accounting in the private sector and the resulting under development in the country’s economic sphere.
iii. The paucity or, more accurately, lack of research on the question of probity in the private sector.
iv. An intrinsic in the question of whether internal control influences or can determine the level of financial accountability. There ius also the importance of this study, which comes as a result of the public glamour for accountability. The promotion of the benefits associated with effective internal control and the attendant financial accountability is the aim of this study.
1.5  STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
Based on the problem and objectives of the research, the following hypothesis are formulated,
i. Null hypothesis (Ho): Financial accountability is as a result of effective internal control. Alternative Hypothesis (Ho): Prudent allocatives and fraud elimination are not as a result of effective internal control system.
ii. Ho: Prudent allocation and fraud elimination are not as a result of effective internal control system.
Hi: Prudent allocation and fraud elimination are as a result of effective internal control system.
iii. Ho: There is no financial accountability in the private sector of the Nigeria economy.
Ho: There is financial accountability in the Private sector of the Nigeria economy.
1.6   SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The areas the survey covered include practically all company activities, especially those related to financial terms. These areas will include purchase of raw materials, hiring production and sales, payment and collection of debts. Etc. Through internal control, the control measures, will be the only one computed for analytical purposes. Respondent to the study will astraddle over all departments and even beyond the company. However, a certain sampling procedure, as will be seen later, is adopted to achieve a certain level of reliability of the data gotten.
1.7   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The researcher was faced with limitations which constituted a cog in the wheel of the researcher’s drive to make and compile the research work. At this stage of this research, the following problems have raised issues like:
i. The prevalent increases on transportation in the country have prevented the researcher from making frequent visits to the company as many times as are necessary.
ii. Another frustration is due to the “come today, come tomorrow” syndrome which people in authority have enjoyed issuing as a cheap excuse for being momentarily busy.
iii. Respondents show lackadaisical attitude when they discover there is no financial reward which might accrue to them in the exercise, some keep the questionnaires for so long while others never bother to return them.
iv. The competitive nature of the brewing industry in Nigeria have made almost every issue a secret, such that information may be better thrown to the winds than be given out to un – trusted students who claim to be working for internal of a company to which they do not belong.
1.7  DEFINITION OF TERMS
To make the reader have a better understanding of the study, there are many variables that need definition under this heading which are most likely to be used in the research, they includes:
i. Active respondents: Those interviewers that were administered with the questionnaire and whose results were actually received.
ii. Controls: Measures adopted by the management of an organization to check the activities of the employees by placing restrictions or giving authority to people in particular positions regarding the transactions of the organization.
iii. Data: The amount of information available from the research survey from which interpretations are made and recommendation supported.
iv. Development: A continuous growth or enhancement from the observed, position into a more functioning object.
v. Employee: A member of the organization who as a specialist works in conjunction with other sta for the achievement of the organization object.
vi. Management: A ground of people responsible for the formation of organization policies.
vii. Organization: The establishment (firm) with a goal to enhance the stockholder wealth by performing certain obligations the general public.
viii. Policy: the method and adopted rules in the operation of the company.
ix. Private sector: Organization with profit motive expressly attached and have majority of the shares in the hands of the public.
x. Public sector: the entire part of the business world in which government is the sole owner or owns majority of the share capital.
xi. Questionnaire Administering: all the activities including the traveling, meeting of people and presentation before them of the document containing the questions relevant to the research findings. 

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