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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education in Nigeria is funded by different sources. The main source of revenue for all sectors of the economy comes from public funds through taxation. It is reported that education funds are distributed amongst primary, secondary and tertiary education, in the order of 30%, 30% and 40% respectively Balami (2003). The public funding includes provision of teaching materials, teachers’ salary, scholarships, loans and grants. What really gives the government funds are Federal taxes, duties on petroleum product, import and export duties (Hinchliffe, 2002). Currently, private establishment contributes about 20% to the national economy. Education in Nigeria is characterized with so many lapses and that is the reason Academic staff union of Universities keep embarking on strikes. One of the reasons why they embark on strikes is inadequate funding of Universities. Higher education in Nigeria comprises Universities, polytechnics, institutions of technology, colleges of education that form part of, or are affiliated to, Universities and polytechnic colleges, and professional, specialized institutions (IAU, 2000). These Universities could either be Federal, state or private Universities. Diverse reasons have been tied to the financing of education in Nigeria, and this has made the practice of Federalism in Nigeria questionable. There have been cases of imbalances in the funding of Universities across Nigeria; coupled with different moves made to resolve these differences.
A clear example was between I960 and 1991 were about sixteen changes were made on the constitution to resolve these imbalances. The demand for higher education by Nigerian parents, individuals and students are due to some reasons. Higher education in Africa is the largest form of education system, and not withstanding this, it still has not admitted all qualified students who sought for admission (Ajayi T, and Alani R.A 1996). For instance in the academic years, 1990, 1991, 1992 only 14.3%, 16.71% and 12.73 % of the applicants were able to gain admission through the Joint Admission Matriculation Board. Saint et al (2003) reported in their study that the cost of managing a Federal university amounted to $210 million in 1999; and the funds were provided by the Federal government. As a result of the increase in the number of students admitted and devaluation of currency, tuition fees for students dropped from $610 to $360 between 1990 and 1999- with obvious implication for educational quality. However, agreements between the Federal government and the university lecturers on salaries and teaching inputs have increased to a much healthier $ 1,000 per student annually. Revenues allocated to Federal Universities are from different sources, the Federal Government (84%); income generation activities (7%); and various student fees (9%) even though no undergraduate tuition fees are charged. It is observable that while Federal university receives 80% of their recurrent cost and more than 70% of their capital bill picked up by the Federal Government, state Universities have not been that privileged (Okebukola, 2002). He added that less than 10% is allocated to state Universities for capital expenses and about 25% for overhead. The Federal government of Nigeria maintains a no tuition fees for students in Federal Universities, while students of state Universities pay tuition and hostel fees.
The policy of the Federal government banning the charging of tuition fees in Universities was enacted in May 2002, due to the fact that the then 24 Federal Universities thought of charging students in order to make up for the cost of running the Universities. The government carries out this responsibility because it has the duty of providing qualified Nigerians free university education. Before the enactment of this degree, tertiary institutions thought of placing tuition fees ranging from N24, 000-58,000 per semester. The government through the body in charge of Universities NUC authorized all Universities to internally generate 10% of their yearly funds through revenue diversification (Odebiyi & Aina 1999: vii, 36). In line with this, it is reported that less than 30% of the Universities are able to meet up to 10% of their recurrent funds as directed (Okebukola, 2002). The list of Universities that have done this are: Igbinedion university, Okada (100%), Madonna university, Okija (42.9%), Enugu state university, Enugu (41.3%), Bowen university, Iwo (32.7%), University of Maiduguri (26.8%), Ambrose Alli university, Ekpoma (22.5%), Ogun state university, Ago-iwoye (21.6%), Ladoke Akintola university, Ogbomoso (20.3%), Federal university of tech., Tola (16.4%), University of Lagos (16.3%), Federal university of tech. (Owerri 12.9%), and University of Ibadan, Ibadan (11.4%).
However, Education Tax Decree No. 7 of 1993 enacted that 2% of profits from registered limited liability companies are allocated as education revenue on the ratio of 50: 40: 10 to higher, primary, and secondary education respectively. Universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education benefit from the allocation to higher education according to the ratio of 2: 1: 1 respectively (Ajayi & Alani op cit.). Sequel to say that all Federal Universities receive a higher percentage of allocation from the Federal government, through the National Universities Commission (Hartnett, 2000: 1); In addition, the Federal Universities are expected to follow the procedures of NUC in its budgeting and expenditure formula which is 60 percent total academic expenditure; 39 percent for administrative support; and 1 percent for pension and benefits (Hartnett, ibid. 7). Generally, Universities are funded by four sources, which are: funds from state and Federal government which is 98 percent of the recurrent costs and 100 percent of capital costs, hostel fees which is about 1% of the total operating costs of institutions, contributions in form of grants from commercial organizations and interest earnings on short-term bank deposits and rents of university properties (Ogunlade, 1989: 522). Aside from the aforementioned, there are other sources of funding for higher education in Nigeria to include fees/levies, gifts, community participation, consultancies/research activities, endowments and assistance from international organizations. For instance, World Bank financed a US$ 120 million project titled: Federal Universities Development Sector Operation (Odebiyi & Aina 1999: 28-29; Babalola, J.B., Sikwibele, A.L., & Suleiman, A.A. 2000). However, this is the purpose of this study, to examine financial trends and expenditure patterns in Nigerian Federal Universities.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Generally, financing of education in Nigeria has been characterized by many exigencies; primarily because Nigeria is not meeting up with the standards of UNESCO of at least 26% allocation to the education sector. Over the years, very little have been allocated to the funding of education in Nigeria, and this poses a great threat to the actualization of education benefits. Moreover, Akintayo (2004) explained various factors that hinder financing and expenditure in Nigerian Federal Universities to include: Very low educational budget by the government The economic growth in Africa is no longer strong enough to fund programmes in higher education Pegging of admission quota by governments Dwindling financial support from foreign donors Poverty, unemployment and uneven distribution of wealth Limited number of higher education providers both private and community organizations have not invested enough on higher education. High tuition charges by private higher education promoters. All these factors have made Nigerian education to suffer and this study aims at proffering solutions to them.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of this study is to examine financing trends and expenditure patterns in Nigerian Federal Universities. Other specific objectives include:
1.To investigate the significant relationship between financing of education and the quality of Nigerian education.
2.To examine the extent to which international bodies fund federal universities in Nigeria.
3.To examine the relationship between financing Nigerian Federal Universities and the country’s GDP.
4.To recommend ways of improving funding of Federal universities in Nigeria
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions are generated to guide this study:
1. What is the significant relationship between financing of education and the quality of Nigerian education?
2. What is the extent to which international bodies fund federal universities in Nigeria?
3. What is the relationship between financing Nigerian Federal Universities and the country’s GDP?
4. What are the ways of improving funding of Federal universities in Nigeria?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0 : There is no significant relationship between financing of education and the quality of Nigerian education. H1 : There is a significant relationship between financing of education and the quality of Nigerian education.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is meant to inform, educate, sensitize and enlighten the general public, university administrators, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations and government on the financing trends and expenditure patterns in Nigerian Federal universities. This study seeks to remind the Federal government of their roles in financing education, especially Federal Universities in Nigeria; it is a wake-up call to them to play their roles responsibly. It is equally meant to draw the attention of NGO’s and international bodies to sponsor the funding of Federal Universities as a way of promoting education in Nigeria. This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this topic and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other work or study.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is restricted to financing trends and expenditure patterns in Nigerian Federal Universities.
1.8  Limitations of study
1. Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work. 
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS 
FINANCING TREND: Is the process of analyzing financial statements of a company for any continuing relationship. Generally, an analysis is made to find out what direction a concern is going, how rapidly, and whether there are enough resources to complete proposed projects.
EXPENDITURE: The action of spending funds.
PATTERN: A repeated decorative design.
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY: Is a university in which governing authority and functions are divided between a central administration and a number of constituent colleges.
REFERENCES
 Akintayo M.O. (2004). Public financing and the problems of access to University Education. International Journal of Literacy Education, January -June 20-23.
Balami, D. (2002) Finance of education in Nigeria. Paper presented at the forum on cost and finance of Education in Nigeria. Abuja.
Hartnett,T.(2000) Financing and Trends and expenditure patterns in Nigerian Federal Universities; An update. Background Study conducted to inform design of universities system information System Innovation Project.November , 2000.
Ogunlade, A.L. (1989). Locating supplemental sources of revenue to finance universities in Nigeria. Journal of Education Finance14 (4), 522-533.
Ajayi, T., & Alani, R.A. (1996). A study on cost recovery in Nigerian university education: Issues of quality, access and equity. Final Report. Accra: Association of African Universities (AAU).
Odebiyi,A.I.;& Aina,O.i (1999) Alternative Modes of Financing Higher Education in Nigeria and Implication for Governance. Final Report. Accra. Associion of Africa Universities.(AAU)
Babalola, J.B., Sikwibele, A.L., & Suleiman, A.A. (2000). Education as aided by the World Bank: A critical analysis of post-independence projects in Nigeria. Journal of Third World
Studies 17 (1), 155-163. 
Okebukola P.A.O(2002) The State of University of Education in Nigeria Abuja National Universities Commission
Hinchliffe,K.(2002) Public Expenditure in education in Nigeria: Issues ,estimates and some Implications ,Abuja, World Bank.
International Association of Universities (IAU) (2000). Nigeria education system. Data for academic year: 2000- 2001.
Ajayi, T. and Alani R. A. (1986). A study on lost Recovery in Nigeria university education: issues of quality, access and equity. Financial Report Accra. Association of African universities (AAU).
Saint, W. Hartnett, A&Strassner, E. (2003) Higher Education in Nigeria .A status Report. Higher Policy.16,259- 281.

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